Hypoglycemia refers to low blood sugar levels, typically defined as blood sugar levels below 70 milligrams per decilitre (mg/dL) or 3.9 millimoles per litre (mmol/L). Symptoms include weakness, dizziness, and fatigue. Athletes with diabetes, particularly those on insulin, often face the challenge...

Maltodextrin is a complex carbohydrate made up of multiple glucose units linked together. Unlike simple sugars (for example, glucose and fructose), maltodextrin's complex structure allows for a more gradual release of energy, making it a popular ingredient in sports drinks...

Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs) refer to a specific group of three essential amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, and valine. These amino acids are termed "branched-chain" due to their unique chemical structure, which includes a side chain that branches off. BCAAs...

Hyponatremia is a medical condition characterised by abnormally low levels of sodium in the blood. Normal levels of sodium in the blood range from 135 to 145 mmol/L.  Sodium is essential for maintaining proper fluid balance and nerve function in...

The terms isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic refer to the osmolality of a solution, especially in the context of sports drinks or bodily fluids. Here's a quick distinction between them: Isotonic An isotonic solution has the same osmolality as the body's...

Nitric oxide synthesis is the biological process by which nitric oxide is produced in the body. Nitric oxide is a signalling molecule that plays a vital role in many physiological functions, including dilating of blood vessels, which can improve blood...